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Прочтите и письменно переведите 1-3 абзацы текста. 1. People have talked of a "computer revolution" ever since the electronics industry used in the 1970s silicon chips instead of transistors. Computers have become smaller, cheaper and more numerous. Designers have called these small computers microcomputers or micros since that time. You nave probably heard about personal or small business computers with famous brand names such as Apple, Commodore, IBM, Zenith. 2. Each microcomputer has input and output devices. Some microcomputers are all in one piece - the sсrееn and the keyboard are in the same cabinet. In others the screen end the keyboard are separate. The heart of the microcomputer consists of a short-term memory and the part that does processing (the central processor). One chip serves for the memory, and a different chip for the processor. The central processor (or microprocessor) consists of two main parts: 1) a control unit, which takes data from the memory in the right order and passes it on to the calculator. It also takes instructions one by one and makes sure their right order. 2) a "calculator", which can add and subtract, multiply and divide. It can carry out "logical" operations, e.g., it can put names into alphabetical order. This unit is often called the Arithmetic and Logic Unit. 3. Microcomputers are very helpful in education. A microcomputer, when we use the right input aud output devices, can - display words, still or moving pictures and graphics on the screen; - display information in a clear way using tables, colour, pie-charts, etc.; - perform simple and difficult calculations over and over again, e.g., statistical functions, and display the results; - store or access information quickly and diretlly; - produce sound patterns and notes, e.g., music, speech of a kind; - collect and store data by means of sensors e.g., of temperature or pressure, and then display these data; - control devices linked to the microcomputer, e.g., a robot arm. There are just some of the things that micros are good at in education. Whether or not we fully use the microcomputer depends on the type of programs for it. Прочтите и письменно переведите 1-6 абзацы текста. 1. How far away is an artificial intelligence, a machine or computer program that can mimic some or all of the characteristics of human intelligence? If you're talking about a robot that can converse in many languages and ponder its own fate, this type of artificial intelligence is very far away (if it is even possible). Still, efforts continue in giving computers at least some of the attributes of human intelligence. And some efforts have been partially successful. 2. Of all the technologies on the horizon, the most far-reaching in its potential impact is artificial intelligence (AI). Computer scientists working in the field of artificial intelligence believe that the one area of human intelligence which is at the core of human intelligence is what is often called "common sence". But they do not agree on what that is or, more important to them, how to achieve it in a "computer". In the United States, two groups of AI team's are currently working on diverse attempts at creating AI in a computer. One approach is to imitate human thought, and the other approach is to create the same effect as human thought regardless of how that is done. 3. Rodney Brooks of M.I.T. is developing a machine, named Cog, that has cameras for eyes, a "skin" that has sensory input; and a brain of eight 32-bit, Macintosh-type processors. Cog is learning the way humans learn, by trial and error. The object is an AI machine that can do diverse tasks and think the way humans can. 4. Douglas Lenat of Austin, Texas, is developing a machine, called CYC, that is being fed all the rules of "human consensus reality", or common sense. Instead of having CYC learn by experience, the knowledge of the experience is being input. Lenat believes that once CYC has about two million common sense rules, it will be able to do much of its own learning. For example, CYC can read the encyclopedia and then ask questions about anything it didn't understand - and its common sense will be strong enough to tell it what it did or didn't understand. 5. CYC represents the top-down approach to AI, that the basis of human thought is symbolic knowledge. Intelligence can be created by coding the logical structures we use to apprehend the world. Cod represents the bottom-up approach to АI. This approach encourages |